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Before the Treaty of Amritsar 1846: How the Dogras Built the Foundations of a State

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By: Udey Veer Anthal The history of Dogra rule in Jammu and Kashmir is often associated with the Treaty of Amritsar, through which Gulab Singh became the Maharaja of the newly created princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. In popular memory, 1846 is usually treated as the beginning of Dogra power. Yet, a closer examination of nineteenth-century records reveals a very different picture. Long before the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras had already laid the foundations of a powerful regional state through territorial expansion, military campaigns, strategic alliances, and the gradual consolidation of revenue-producing estates across Jammu and the adjoining hill regions. Rare records of Gulab Singh, Dhian Singh, and Suchet Singh provide remarkable insight into this process of state formation. These records are not merely lists of jagirs; they are documentary evidence of how the Dogra brothers accumulated territory, wealth, and political authority decades before 1846. They show the transformati...
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Janjua Rajputs: The Forgotten Warrior Lineage Linking Pothohar and Duggar

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By: Udey Veer Anthal Do you know that the Janjua Rajputs—today widely recognized as prominent Muslim Rajputs of Pakistan-administered Kashmir—also had a historical presence in regions like Poonch, Rajouri, and adjoining parts of Duggar? Though they are not counted among the core Dogra Rajput clans such as the Jamwal Rajputs or Manhas Rajputs, their history forms an important bridge between the cultural worlds of Pothohar and the Duggar frontier. Drawing upon the detailed ethnographic account of H. A. Rose in A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province , the Janjuas emerge not as a marginal tribe, but as a once-powerful and deeply rooted political community whose influence extended across regions that today lie divided by borders but were historically interconnected. In Rose’s account, the Janjuas are primarily located in the Salt Range, which appears as their ancestral heartland and political base. He notes that they were once in possession of a...
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The Chib/Chibh Rajputs and Their Feudal Order

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By Uday Veer Anthal The historical landscape of the Duggar region is marked by layered identities, shifting allegiances, and localized systems of power that rarely find space in mainstream narratives. Among such overlooked communities are the Chibh Rajputs , once a dominant group inhabiting the tract between Bhimbar, the Jammu Hills, and the Hazara frontier. A significant portion of our knowledge about them comes from colonial ethnographic compilations, particularly A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province by H. A. Rose. While such sources must be approached critically, they preserve invaluable details regarding the origins, social structure, and political organization of the Chibhs. Geographical Location and Early Presence The Chibhs are described as a Rajput tribe originally confined to the Punjab plains, especially around Gujrat. Over time, they expanded northwards into the hilly tracts adjoining Kashmir. These included areas along the...
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1888 & 1890 Jammu and Kashmir Railway Agreements (Jammu-Sialkot line): History, Politics and Impact

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How the 1888 and 1890 Jammu and Kashmir State Railway agreements reveal the politics of empire, princely authority, and the making of modern connectivity. By: UDEY VEER ANTHAL There are moments in history when a region changes not with a battle, a coronation, or a proclamation, but with a contract. In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, one such moment came in the late nineteenth century, when the future of the state’s first railway connection was worked out not on the platform of a station but in the clauses of two agreements—one signed in July 1888, the other in November 1890. Together, these documents did more than authorize the construction of a line between Sialkot and Jammu. They mapped an entire political relationship between princely ambition and imperial power, between local sovereignty and colonial standardisation and between the geography of the Dogra state and the infrastructure of British India. The railway that emerged from these agreements—the Jammu–Sialkot line—was modest in...
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The Re-conquest of Gilgit and role of General Devi Singh Narania, 1860

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By: UDEY VEER ANTHAL (M.Phil in History, presently working in State Taxes Department, J&K)             Dogras have long been known for unmatched courage and valour in battle. The Dogra martial tradition was respected across the Indian subcontinent and acknowledged even by British military officials, travellers, and colonial administrators. Major-General George MacMunn wrote in The Armies of India that the Dogras possessed “the quiet courage and steady fighting quality of the best fighting stock of the Punjab hills.” British frontier officers like Sir Francis Younghusband also praised their endurance and bravery during high-altitude expeditions. These acknowledgements were earned through decades of military achievements under leaders such as Maharaja Gulab Singh, General Zorawar Singh, General Baj Singh, General Devi Singh Narania, and many other Dogra soldiers who repeatedly proved that the hills of Jammu produced men of unco...
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